We are providing many paragraphs, long essay in very simple language with the boundaries of different words here. Here you can find Essay on Naxalism : Threat to the Internal Security in English language for students in 1000 words. In this article cover Topic : The origin of naxalism and its expansion, The weakening of the movement and later resurgence, The workings of the State Committees and the Ceritral Committees of Naxalites, How do the Naxalite influence local people to join, The front organisation and its workings, The difference between Naxalism and Maoism, The Central Government has taken important steps to control the movement and Naxalism, a serious threat to the nation.
The term 'Naxalite' is derived from Naxalbari which is the name of the West-Bengal town from where India's Maoist movement began. It was a revolutionary movement of the peasants and the labour class. This movement was backe by the Communist Party of India (Marxist and Leninist) and Charu Mazumdar had led the first uprising of Naxalite s Initially, it was a mass movement of the peasants. Later, the peasan ts v'ere taught new military strategies anJ guerrilla welfare. The peasants were trained for armed struggle against the rich and influential land owners.
In initial years, Naxalites were active in West Bengal. This movement got strengthened with the aid from China and spread in the regions of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. The area of India where support for the Naxalism runs highest has been called the red corridor. The States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are considered affected, although in varying degrees.
The movement was a result of the exploitation and ill-treatment of the peasants by the landlords and tea-garden owners. These peasants were treated like bonded labours by the rich and were living a pathetic life. The backward population wanted their share of land which was denied to them for years. Landless farmers and peasants felt cheated for being denied Luhiv ble lands. Naxalite groups had capitalised on this resentment.
However, there was a time when the Chinese Communist Party decided to cut off their funding to the Asian Maoists groups. There were brutal encounters by the police and the Charu Mazumdar was captured and kept captive by the police under life imprisonment. All these led to the weakening of the Naxalite movement. This happened in the 1970s. However, the movement rebound in the beginning of 2004. This was when the two largest Naxalite groups joined together to form a new organisation , the Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist). The creation of CPI-Maoist was a watershed event, ending the era of interfactional violence among the Naxalbari and paving the way for Naxalite resurgence.
The Naxal movement is coordinated by the apex body of the CPI (M), that is, its Central Committee, which is a 32-35 member body. Out of the Central Committee, a 13-member Politbu reau is formeci Like any national political party, the state committee secretary of every state and the secretary of a special guerrilla zone is automatically a member of the Central Committee.
Of the total money collected by the State Committees and the Special Zones, 30 per cent goes to the Central Committee. The rest is retained for Local expenses incurred by the State Committees. The procurement of arms is done at the central level and then distributed to states as per their needs. The main source of weapons continues to be by means of looting them from the security forces.
They have however achieved technological superiority over the years and have been found using AK-47s, pushing the government forces also to upgrade their weapons. The Peoples Liberation Guerilla Army (PLGA), the armed wing of CPI (Maoist), has been created with this purpose in mind In the first stage of the insurgency, the PLGA resorts to guenilla warfare, this primarily aims at creating a vacuum at the grass-roots level of the existing governance structures.
This is achieved by killing lower-level government officials, police-personnel of the local police stations, the workers of mainstream political parties and the people's representatives of the Panchayati Raj system. After creating a political and governance vacuum, they coerce the local population to join the movement.
A strident propaganda is also carried out against the purported and real inadequacies of the existing state structure. In areas under Maoist domination, the absence of governance becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy since the delivery systems are extinguished through killings and intimidation. This is the first step in the strategy of the Maoists to seek to control the countryside.
In the meanwhile, many Front Organisations are created to facilitate mass-mobilisation in semi-urban and urban areas through ostensibly democratic means. Most of the Front Organisations are led by well-educated intellectuals with firm belief in the Maoist insurgency doctrine.
These ideologies function as masks to cover the violent nature of the CPI (Maoist) ideology. They also form propaganda machinery of the party.
The Front Organisations also skillfully use state structures and legal processes to further the Maoist agenda and weaken the enforcement regime. The important functions of these organisations include recruitment of 'professional revolutionaries', ra1smg funds for the insurgency, creating urban shelters for underground cadres, providing legal assistance to arrested cadres and mass- mobilisation by agitating over issues of convenience.
The Front Organisations aim to provide short-term democratic subterfuge to cover-up the totalitarian and oppressive nature of the Maoist ideology. The CPI (Maoist) also have a strategic game-plan to create a 'United Front' with all like-minded insurgent outfits in India
Many of these outfits are supported by external forces opposed to India and the CPI (Maoist) consider such alliances as strategic assets. Both Maoists struggle and the Naxalite movement trace their origin to the Naxalbari uprising of 1967. But while the Naxalite movement thrives on the original spirit of Naxalbari, the Maoist struggle is an outcome of the 1967 uprising. Maoists work with an agenda and use weapons to achieve their aims.
Naxalism focuses on mass organisations while the Maoism relies mainly on arms. Naxalism originated as a rebellion against the marginalisation of the poor forest dwellers and gradually against the lack of development and poverty at the local l!!vel in rural parts of Eastern India. Maoism originated in China as a form of communist theory derived from the teachings of Chinese political leader Mao Zedong.
The Naxalite movement highlights the internal weaknesses of the country. It hampers the economic development of the country, as the resources that must be used for the development of the country are diverted towards the management and control of naxalites and their activities. The conflicts between the armed forces and naxalites are the biggest threats to the common man.
The government's approach is to deal with Naxalism in a holistic manner, in the areas of security, development, ensuring rights and entitlements of local communities, improvement in governance and public perception management. The Police and Public Order fall under the jurisdiction of States, action on maintenance of law and order lies primarily in the domain of the State Governments.
The Centre aims at enhancing the capacity of the State Governments to tackle the Maoist menace in a concerted manner. The Central Government closely monitors the situation and supplements and coordinates their efforts in several ways. These include:
- Providing Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and Commando Battalions for Resolute Action (CoBRA),
- Sanction of India Reserve (IR) battalions ,
- Setting up of Counter Insurgency and Anti Terrorism (CIAT) schools,
- Modernisation and upgradation of the State Police and their Intelligence apparatus under the Scheme for Modernisation of State Police Forces (MPF scheme),
- Re-imbursement of security related expenditure under the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme,
- Filling up critical infrastructure gaps under the Scheme for Special Infrastructure in the affected States providing helicopters for anti-Naxal operations,
- Assistance in training of State Police through the Ministry of Defence, the Central Police Organisations and the Bureau of Police Research and Development,
- Sharing of Intelligence,
- Facilitating inter-State coordination,
- Assistance in community policing and civic action programmes etc.
Undoubted1y, Naxalism is a serious security threat to the nation. It becomes imperative for the government to increase the connectivity to the affected areas. This wiU be beneficial in creating strong ties and links between the outer world and the affected areas. The police force is still not capable of providing security. The government needs to provide better training and arming to the police forces.
The civilians and media can play an important role in making the Naxalites realise that India is a democratic country and it offers legitimate forums for grievance redressal. An ideology based on violence and annihilation hampers the progress of the civil society. It is through a holistic approach focussing on development and security related interventions, the problem can be successfully tackled.
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